Envirocast® On-Line Feature of the Week -- November 6, 2006

Mid-Atlantic Fall Colors

The images in this Envirocast® Bulletin were taken by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard NASA's Terra satellite on July 17 and October 30, 2006. The vegetation had gone from a deep green to a vibrant orange as autumn came to the U.S. Mid-Atlantic.

Mid-Atlantic Fall Colors

On July17th, 2006, the Mid-Atlantic was filled with green vegetation with cities including New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington DC visible in the animations denoted by the contrasting tan and brown colors. By October 30th, the onset of fall’s lower temperatures had painted the vegetation of the Mid-Atlantic in shades of rust, orange, and brown as fall foliage peaked for the season.

 

The colors may not look as brilliant as the red and gold you would see on the ground, but even from space, the difference between the summer and fall attire of the U.S. Mid-Atlantic is dramatic. Forested slopes of the Appalachian Mountains are deeper green than the interwoven valleys, which are often occupied by farms and pastures. By October 30, 2006, fall’s cooler temperatures and diminishing daylight have burnished the higher elevations, including almost all of West Virginia, the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia, and the Allegheny Range in south-central Pennsylvania. Agriculture-dominated lands, such as western Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley, are still green.

 

One feature common to both seasons' images is the appearance of cities and roads. The route of Interstate 95 is easy to follow as a cement-colored line through eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. Several large eastern cities dot the corridor like knots in a rope: Philadelphia, along the border of Pennsylvania and New Jersey; Baltimore, in central Maryland; Washington, D.C., sandwiched between Maryland and Virginia; and Richmond, in central Virginia.

 

Environmental Impacts:

  • The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) flying onboard NASA’s Terra satellite took above image of fall foliage in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic on October 30, 2006 compared with the deep green summer colors on July 17. The vegetation had gone from a deep green to a vibrant orange as autumn came over the region.

  • Chlorophyll, the agent of photosynthesis, is what gives the leaves their green color. When the nights get longer and the temperatures begin to cool, chlorophyll breaks down in the leaves and their other pigments become unmasked giving leaves their fall colors.

  • Temperature and moisture are the main influences that determine the amount and brilliance of color in the leaves.


Supplementary Material:

NASA's TERRA Satellite:

  • The Terra spacecraft (formally known as EOS-AM) was successfully launched on Saturday, December 19, 1999 at the Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) in Lompoc, California. It is flying at an altitude of 705 km (438 miles) observing the Earth. The life expectancy of the Terra mission is 6 years. It will be followed in later years by other EOS spacecraft that take advantage of new developments in remote sensing technologies. [Terra 3D Animation], [Animation showing Terra Orbit]

  • Terra's orbit around the Earth is timed so that it passes from north to south across the equator in the morning, and thus it passes over us at the same local time every day, approximately 10:30-10:45 a.m.

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